星系是顺时针转还是逆时针转?暗物质和暗能量的区别是什么?为什么老年人的声音会颤抖?为什么我们的星球叫地球?仿生眼是如何工作的?188bet体育投注官网克里斯·史密斯博士和尤西比乌斯·麦克凯萨将回答你的科学问题……
优西比乌斯——他非常爱我们;他在度假，但仍然会把他的知识传授给你和我。你好，克里斯。你还好吗?
克里斯-我很好，谢谢优西比乌斯。你好吗？
优西比乌斯:我非常好。我没什么可抱怨的。今天早上情绪很好。上周我们还有一个问题，我想我们可以帮这位先生解决。你确实给了我们一个警告;这将取决于你其他聪明的同事是否有空回答。我想重放一遍，看看我们是否能帮助上周给我们留作业的那位先生。
保罗，欢迎来到我们的节目。你的问题是什么?
保罗-你好，克里斯。嗨,优西比乌。好吧，我的问题是，当你拿石板玻璃的时候，为了使它变硬，你要把它放进炉子里，但是在这个过程之前如果你需要打洞或者缺口你需要在烧制之前做。最近我订购了一块8毫米的淋浴玻璃碎玻璃，只有一块面板，我要求在面板上开8毫米的孔，以便放毛巾架。我被告知可以是6毫米也可以是10毫米，但我不能是8毫米因为洞的直径不能和玻璃的厚度一样大因为它在熔炉里容易破碎。他们不知道为什么。我不知道为什么。我想知道克里斯是否知道原因?
优西比乌斯-多好的问题啊，克里斯。好吧，感觉似曾相识，克里斯。
克里斯-好吧。我做了我的研究，因为我不是一个材料科学家，我有一种感觉，这与玻璃材料的不同部分受压或受压的方式有关。所以我打电话给我在剑桥大学的朋友霍华德·斯通。他是一位材料科学家;他的研究工作之一是帮助劳斯莱斯公司设计用于喷气发动机的合金。变成了喷气式发动机的部件，这些部件必须在极端温度下生存。所以他非常熟悉材料是如何变化的，以及对温度变化的反应就像把玻璃放进熔炉里，以及材料是如何对应力和应变做出反应的。现在他说"我不确定，因为我不知道玻璃的成分是什么"但他指出的是当你拿钢化玻璃时，你最终会遇到这样的情况，玻璃材料的中心处于张力状态，它被拉向边缘，而玻璃的表面处于压缩状态，它被挤压进去。当你把这个洞穿过去时，很明显，你改变了力通过玻璃传递的方式以及这些张力区域和压缩区域如何交换力或通过它们自己传递力。因此，从根本上说，如果你用一种关键的方式，抓住一定大小的物体，力是如何通过那块玻璃分布的。 It will also make a difference how far from the edge the hole is. So he thinks that it's likely, in this case, that it's that there is a critical size here that if you make the size of the hole a certain dimension you will end up focusing force between those interfaces of the area of compression and the area of tension, and this will result in it breaking because they'll be uneven uneven distribution of the forces in the glass. So I think this is probably where it's coming from, but without doing our own experiment we wouldn't know for sure, but I think that's a very plausible answer. Why the size of the hole should be so critical? I'm not sure and whether it's a red herring that it's the same thickness of the glass or not, but without doing some experiments we couldn't tell. But I think that sounds pretty plausible.
优西比乌斯——很有意思。约翰，早上好。你有什么问题要问克里斯?
约翰-嗨，早上好。我的问题是星系是顺时针转还是逆时针转?
优西比乌斯-克里斯，你明白吗?
Chris -是的，你好，Yohan。答案是两者都有。星系转动的原因是因为它们有角动量。这些物质在早期宇宙中形成，然后随着恒星和先前星系的演化而被挥霍到太空中，这些物质都有自旋和蕴含动量。没有什么能阻止它转动，所以如果你把一个转动的物体加到另一个转动的物体上，合力动量或角动量就会是两者之和。因此，如果聚集在一起形成星系的物质碰巧平均质量是逆时针旋转的那么就会得到一个逆时针旋转的星系。所以你会得到，你会期望在偶然的基础上有相同数量的顺时针和逆时针旋转的星系，它们在旋转是因为制造它们的物质一开始就在旋转。所以我们的银河系，星系本身就是一个螺旋。它在旋转，星系中央有一个黑洞，整个星系中都有暗物质帮助把所有东西聚集在一起，星系中的行星和恒星的起源都在绕着星系旋转。在我们的系统中有行星围绕着我们的恒星运行。 They're all turning and they're all turning because the material that made them was turning.
优西比乌斯:好的。我要从推特上取一个。这是古斯塔夫的有趣之处。古斯塔夫说:“嗨，伙计们，精彩的表演。博塞特河是如何——我要把这个弄乱——早上从西向东两个方向流动，下午从西向东流动?显然，他们说这是唯一具有这种特征的河流。谷歌教授告诉我这是在克罗地亚东部的某个地方。你听说过吗?
我得承认我没听说过那条河。我去过克罗地亚。一个非常美丽的国家。我对这条河不熟悉。河流向两个方向流动的通常原因是潮汐。我不知道那条河。我不知道它是否有潮汐或者河流是否与潮汐相连因此可能会有相应的影响。我不确定，但最可能的解释是河水受到了某种潮汐的影响。我们得查一下。如果我们有更多的细节，或者有人更熟悉这条河，或者知道这个故事，请回来告诉我们，我们会看看我们能做些什么。
优西比乌斯-让我在维基百科的帮助下假装自己是裸体科学家。金宝搏app最新下载这里写着，这条河以蜿蜒而缓慢著称，克里斯。它的盆地有一个非常小的倾斜，距离某个地方不到10米，直到它的河口，这是一条众所周知的向后流动的河流。但这看起来像是一种幻觉。有时风很大，而且速度很慢，看起来好像水是向后流的。我听起来很聪明吗?
Chris:你听起来很棒，因为你也回答了这个问题。又一个又一个叮叮，我们又解决了一个。
优西比乌斯:好了，你知道了。斯文，早上好。
早上好。你们过得怎么样?
优西比乌斯:非常好，谢谢。你有什么问题要问我们吗?你能难倒克里斯吗?
斯文——我不知道我是否会难住他，但我对一个问题很好奇，我一直在思考这个问题。
优西比乌斯:好的。
斯文:在宇宙中，我们试图了解宇宙是由什么组成的，但我想了解暗物质和暗能量之间的区别是什么?
克里斯-你好，斯文。好吧。当我们观察我们所知的宇宙我们观察外面的物质，如果我们观察物质;换句话说，构成我们的物质构成了我们周围的世界，然后我们问那占宇宙的多少?大约是5%。所以宇宙的5%是我们可以测量的可见物质。我们知道它是由什么构成的。它是两个亚原子粒子夸克，称为“上下夸克”和一些电子，它们一起构成了质子和中子——实际上是我们周围的原子。所以剩下的95%的宇宙需要解释。大约80年前，人们开始观察宇宙中其他地方的星系他们开始问恒星旋转的速度有多快? And they realised that the stars in those galaxies go round much faster than they ought to be able to unless there was something else which was gravitationally active hanging onto them. If that extra gravity in the galaxy weren't there, these stars at the speed they're turning round in a big loop around the galaxy should be being flung off in all directions, so there must be something in the galaxy holding onto them. They realized that that entity, which we don't know what this is, so we put the word "dark" in front of it to describe this entity which is cold. We can't measure it really. It doesn't interact with things or if it does it interacts only very weakly, and it's gravitationally active - that we call "dark matter." It makes up about 27 percent of the universe. Then that leaves behind the remaining - if we if we make the numbers easy 5 percent matter, 25 percent dark matter. That means that we've got about two thirds of the universe's mass still to account for - 75 percent in fact, three quarters. So where does that all come from? Well the rest of the universe's mass is in the form of dark energy. And this is bizarre but when astronomers began to measure far away objects in the universe, they realized that faraway objects are not staying the same distance from us. The light coming to us from them has stretched out. It's become red shifted. And light become stretched out like that when the space that it's had to pass through to get to us has got bigger, and that means that the universe is expanding. And the further away we look the further away things are going and newer objects are expanding even faster in the universe than older objects did. So the universe isn't just expanding, it's expanding and it's expanding faster as time goes on. So if something getting bigger and it's getting bigger faster something must be driving that expansion. And the energy to drive that expansion is this notional thing again; we don't know what it is so we put the word "dark" in front of it is dark energy, and this accounts for the vast majority of the universe. More than three quarters of the universe that's out there is this funny entity which in somehow is a property of space itself that as the universe creates more space and grows it gets more dark energy which accelerates the process of expansion. So that's the difference between dark energy. Dark energy is driving the universe to expand get bigger. Dark matter is a smaller fraction of the universe and is gravitationally active but weakly interacting with materials and things that we know about at the moment, but it holds everything together under gravity.
优西比乌斯:太棒了。珍妮，欢迎来到节目。把你的问题提出来。
珍妮-早上好。我想问一下《裸体科学家》为什么老年人说话时声音会颤抖?是什么让它颤动?
优西比乌斯:多么可爱的问题。
珍妮-谢谢。
优西比乌斯:谢谢你，珍妮。
珍妮-谢谢。
克里斯-你好，珍妮。不幸的是，我认为并不是所有事情都随着年龄的增长而改善。随着年龄的增长，我们都会变得更下垂，皱纹更多，身体也更不稳定。随着年龄的增长，你可能会发现，你用来控制声带的肌肉变弱了，控制声带的神经也变弱了，所以它们不像以前那么容易控制了。而且随着年龄的增长，你说话的时间可能会减少。我的意思是一个人，在优西比乌斯的工作中，他们的工作就是一直说话，所以他们的声音得到了很多锻炼。一个专业歌手，他们的声音得到了大量的锻炼，他们已经很好地控制了呼吸和我们用来发声的过程。如果一个人不花很多时间，特别是随着年龄的增长，与人交谈、聊天和社交互动，如果你不经常去健身房，你的肌肉就会变得有点弱，因为你不需要这些巨大的肌肉。如果老年人不经常使用它，他们的声音会变得更细更尖。所以我认为衰老过程的结果是自然地使组织失去弹性和弹性。 Secondly the fact that if we use it a bit less it doesn't retain its strength and vigor. And, in fact, if you practice and you do more talking and more singing and that kind of thing you probably will preserve those things into your old age better than someone who doesn't.
优西比乌斯-拉米，早上好。欢迎来到我们的节目。
早上好。你好吗？
优西比乌斯:我很好，谢谢。你的问题是什么?
Rammi:我的问题是我们的星球是谁命名的，为什么它与其他以上帝命名的行星不一致?为什么月球不像其他天体一样被命名?
优西比乌斯，我不知道是否有主题，克里斯，但我喜欢今天的一些问题。
克里斯-是的，我喜欢太空主题。我不知道为什么我们称地球为地球，但很长一段时间以来，我们一直这么叫它。罗马人称它为Terrar，意思是地面，可能是因为这就是我们生活的地方。月球在古代的说法中不叫月亮;月球有一系列不同的名字。罗马人称它为Lunar，意为月亮。所以它并不总是被称为月球。但最初是谁想出这些名字的呢?我不知道。我得找个历史学家帮忙。 But obviously people have been obsessed with these things for a very long time because they really meant something to them. The Moon was a very visible daily presence. You know every day you'd see the moon rise and sink, apart from when you have a new Moon, and it would do it regularly. So people spotted those patterns and they attributed enormous significance to it and the ground beneath your feet decided whether you lived or died. And so I think probably for those reasons they gave them very highly important names. People didn't know that the Earth wasn't the only place in the universe until relatively recently. If you think in the 15/16 hundreds, people began to realize there were other planets. Galileo invented the telescope and began to look into the heavens. People like Copernicus began to be daring enough to suggest that the Earth wasn't at the center of the universe, and at that point people then began this whole business of spotting other celestial objects. They realized that stars included planets. The planets weren't just other stars, there were there were other bodies like the Earth out there. So we began to grow our knowledge and out of that knowledge came a much better understanding of the universe. So probably part of it was that we were extremely proud of ourselves in the early days and attached enormous significance because we thought we were the center of the universe, and then realized later that were not.
优西比乌斯-米拿迦，你一直在坚持。谢谢你的耐心。你有什么问题要问我们?
米纳查-嗨，早上好。早上好，克里斯和欧比。我的问题是，不久前在苏格兰的圣安德鲁斯大学进行了一个实验，他们拿了一个球体，并以非常非常高的速度旋转它。现在那个球体消失了。所以我想从克里斯那里知道，你能告诉我们那里到底发生了什么以及解释是什么吗?
克里斯-我对这个实验不熟悉。所以他们拿了一个球体，高速旋转，然后就消失了?
梅纳查-是的。他们旋转它的速度我认为是他们在地球上所知道的最快的速度，然后那个球体就消失了……
克里斯-是的。我不熟悉那个实验。如果你能给我一份参考资料。如果你能在推特上@nakedscientists发布你提到的研究的参考资料，我可以看看它，因为这听起来有点可疑，我们没有得到完整的故事。所以如果我们能得到更多的细节，我下周一定会回来告诉你们更多的细节。
优西比乌斯-好的，推特或者回电话或者发邮件给我们em@702.co.za然后克里斯会回到那个特别的故事。
特勒斯，早上好。
特勒斯-早上好。我需要找到答案，我大约一年前失明了，我听过有人谈论仿生眼。我只是想知道裸体科学家会不会知道这件事金宝搏app最新下载?
克里斯-是的，早上好。听说你的视力有问题，我很难过。仿生眼指的是人们正在开发一种可以代替眼睛的设备。眼睛是做什么的?眼睛是一个与你的神经系统相连接的时髦的照相机。它的眼睛后面有一个叫做视网膜的结构。在视网膜前面是一个聚焦系统，有点像你相机里的那个，它吸收光并把它聚焦到视网膜上，视网膜是这层组织，它把光波转换成脑电波。基本上它是一层对光线敏感的细胞。当光线照射在他们身上时，就会改变他们的电活动，这些电活动的变化然后通过视神经传递到大脑的后部，然后它们被编译成我们眼前看到的图像。想想看，你眼前看到的东西是在你的大脑后面被解码的，这很奇怪，不是吗? But when the eye goes wrong it can go wrong for many reasons. And it can be a problem with the front part of the eye, the focusing system. It can be a problem with the retina that decodes the light it comes in and turns it into nerve signals. Or it can be a problem with the optic nerve getting the signal into the brain. Or it can be a problem with the brain itself. So there's a range of different reasons why things go wrong and a bionic eye will only be able to work for some of those problems. Usually there's something wrong with the eye itself or the retina because what most of these systems rely on is that you put into the eye a light sensitive device which sits on the retina that's no longer working. Convert the light that's coming in and being focused onto it into electrical signals which are then injected into the healthy optic nerves that can carry the signals to the brain. We're not yet at the stage where we can replace the optic nerve connections to the brain. If a person therefore has a healthy optic nerve and you can electrically stimulate the nerve cells that go into that optic nerve with one of these devices you can begin to replace vision. And scientists at Oxford University and in Germany and other many other places are doing pioneering experiments now and getting quite a lot of good success where you can take people who have got blindness and can't see a thing, and you can get them being able to see, in low resolution admittedly, but see things again with these techniques. So it's coming along very fast and it's very exciting.
优西比乌斯-埃文德，跟我们谈谈。你的问题是什么?
我想知道为什么用右手的人似乎比用左手的人更聪明?
欧比修斯——真的!你凭什么这么说?
我想鼓励我的宝宝使用右手
优西比乌斯-伊万德，听起来你好像有点左撇子的想法!克里斯?
克里斯-哦，天哪。哦，天哪，优西比乌斯……小心!也不要告诉我女儿，因为她是左撇子，而且很聪明!
优西比乌斯-有关联吗?
克里斯-是的。让我们马上揭开它的神秘面纱。没有证据表明左撇子比右撇子聪明。事实上，他们必须要做的，是与一个以右撇子为主的世界作斗争，因为如果你是左撇子，你的人口只占世界人口的不到10%。因为这个世界是由右撇子统治的，所以右撇子为右撇子创造了世界。剪刀，开锡器，计算器，所有的东西都是为右撇子准备的，所以左撇子实际上需要更强的适应能力来应对那种环境，有些人认为这让他们更聪明，更有能力应对。这个说法可能有点夸大事实了。但有一点是肯定的，左撇子的应对能力确实很好，而且他们的智力也没有受到任何损害。很可能他们更擅长体育运动。原因是右撇子大部分时间都在和其他右撇子竞争。 When they meet a lefthander on the tennis court or the cricket field, the lefthander will have spent the vast majority of their time competing against righthanders, but the righthanders won't have spent a lot of time competing against them so the left handers are at an advantage. So, as a result, it's not a bad thing to be lefthanded and you should certainly not try and encourage your children to go against their natural preference for their handedness because you're not going to change that. I used to do my own little experiment with my daughter because from a very young age I could tell she seemed to prefer using her left hand. So I would see what would happen if I would take the spoon out of her left hand and put it in her right hand and then later on it was crayons and pens. And I'd just do it subtly without telling her what I was doing and see what would happen. This is when she was about one and a half two. And very quickly she would just quickly transfer the device back to the other hand and it was clear from a very early age that she was going to be a lefty. So let your kids use the hand that they prefer using. The days of banning banning people from using the wrong hand are over, thank goodness, and it is very very bad for the people that that happened to.
优西比乌斯:事实上，你把它梳理得很好，这很有趣，因为有时会有竞争优势。我马上想到，我喜欢看板球比赛，我知道你也喜欢，有时候当你在边线处有左/右手组合的击球手时，通常会立即给对方带来技术上的麻烦，因为他们必须处理一个传统的情况。
克里斯:是的，完全正确。我们认为建筑也可能因为右旋性而被操纵。如果你想到城堡和人们用来建造防御结构的东西，它们有螺旋楼梯。螺旋楼梯被发明的原因，除了节省空间之外，就是因为螺旋楼梯都是为了方便右撇子因为右撇子可以躲在楼梯的拐角处然后右手拿着剑在拐弯处战斗，所以在那个时候，任何一个左撇子剑客，都处于非常不利的地位因为他们的剑拿错了手难道不是为了保卫他们的城堡吗?所以你可以看到左右撇子的影响可以追溯到几千年前。
优西比乌斯:好的，马瑟姆。我感到内疚，我们已经没有时间了。但是你要快速地回答问题，然后直接回答。
不久前，在社交媒体上有一个奇怪的帖子。这个月晚些时候，我想在8月27日，我们的天空中会出现两个月亮，他们说这种现象已经发生了，或者每2500年发生一次之类的。这是真的吗?
优西比乌斯:好的。我们能快速处理一下这个问题吗，克里斯?你听清楚了吗?
克里斯-是的。我没有想到会有多个月亮，所以除非这是一些有趣的视错觉，否则我不知道这个故事。如果有人有我的推荐信可以把这个发给我。这可能是一种光学错觉或其他东西背后的合理科学。我会调查一下，但我还没有看到任何故事表明月球会克隆自己并有一个双胞胎。
优西比乌斯:好的。谢谢你，克里斯。祝你周末愉快。我们下周五再做一次。
克里斯-谢谢优西比乌斯。大家再见!
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