Warm-Blooded Dinosaurs and Locked-In Communication

Chris - It's not only the athletes taking part in London 2012 who are feeling under pressure at the moment. What about their coaches? For a sport like swimming, the process of coaching is very tricky because you have to assess an athlete's technique with the added complication of rather a lot of water getting in the way. But team GB swimmers have been getting a bit of extra help lately with some cutting edge technology as Jane Reck explains...

Jane - Tumble turns, dives, glides, and stroke technique. Every aspect of movement is crucial for elite swimmers. For their coaches, training athletes for a sport where most of the activity takes place in water is obviously a challenge. However, a pioneer in Wireless Tracking System developed by UK researchers has been helping some of team GB's swimmers prepare for London 2012. It brings existing sensing and motion tracking technologies together into one system. Crucially, the researchers have also developed revolutionary technology that enables data to be transmitted wirelessly through water. The research has been taking place at Loughborough University led by Paul Conway, Professor of Manufacturing Processes...

Paul - This came about really from a challenge from British Swimming who had tried a number of times in the past to understand a bit more about how their swimmers performed and how they might measure how they perform. Because a swimming pool is quite a challenging environment - there's lots of water. The human body is mostly water so it makes tracking things wirelessly very, very difficult. And doing things like measuring in real time, things like speed, number of strokes they're taking, how they move in the water and how they turn, how they start is very difficult because there's a lot of water. And that's a noisy environment in terms of the signal noise and the amount of interference you have.

Jane - Professor Mike Caine is Director of Loughborough's world leading sports technology institute. Along with Paul Conway, he explained more about the new system.

Mike - It's a small box of electronics that's worn on the small of the back, it sends wireless signals that are picked up by a laptop receiver on the poolside, and that laptop then displays the various measures that are of interest to the athlete and the coach.

Paul - And then on each end of the pool, we have a pressure mat essentially stuck to the wall, It's a very thin pressure mat which is a large area when you touch it, you can measure pressure, essentially the force. Also, we've got some underwater high speed video cameras and also on the swimmer we have some LED markers which are quite unique - these are waterproof markers that they wear on their hip.

迈克,他们的想法是,我们会利用的技术gy. Things like accelerometers, gyroscopes, motion tracking techniques that we'd either directly developed ourselves, within the research group, or we were taking those technologies as they were emerging elsewhere and integrating them into a package that would support the swimmers and their coaches. Effectively, an accelerometer allows you to derive speed, velocity. Of course, you can also derive acceleration, so the rate of change in velocity, and that can be just as interesting. A gyroscope is important because the swimmer turns at the end of each length and so, you're able to characterise the position through the tumble turn, and you can then analyse the technique. We start to look at the biomechanics or the kinematics, the human motion relative to their position in 3D space. And it's important to understand the orientation of the athlete so that you can make some meaningful analysis from those data.

Jane - Innovative projects underway at the institute's research labs range from the development of new materials for sports footwear to tailor-made handle grips for rackets. Paul and Mike say a significant aspect of this research has been developing a way of transmitting wireless signals underwater.

Paul - Wireless technologies are part of our everyday life now, but you'll appreciate that the vast majority of transmissions are through air. There are very, very few everyday applications that require transmission through water and so it's not surprising that the transmission of wireless information through water has received less attention. And that really meant that all of the everyday commercially available protocols just didn't work in that environment.

Mike - We've optimised frequencies of our transmission, the antenna design on the swimmer and also on the base station on beside of the pool. The arrangement of the equipment on the swimmer and beside the pool, also the software, putting intelligence in it so it knows what's happening and can interpret if a signal drops out, what to do and how you can account for that. Building redundancy as well, so, we can still get the data if we lose it for a few seconds. Putting that together with other things around the pool such as video, force sensors in starting blocks, pressure pads at each end of the pool for measuring the turn; and putting them altogether into one integrated system is the unique thing. You can actually watch it on high-speed video and also see what's happening with the inertial sensors showing in real time so that each frame of the video is synchronised with what's happening on all the other sensors. And that's probably the key step, bring it altogether, integrating the various sensor modes.

Paul - So, we were having to genuinely invent new ways to transmit data that would be successful whilst in the pool environment. I can't describe exactly how we have done that because it is subject to a patent - it is an inventive step and it is one that has commercial value. If you think about water as a medium and air as a medium, they're so different that you need a radically different approach to the same problem.

Jane - The new system enables coaches to give much quicker feedback to the swimmers.

Paul - They will see simultaneously on the computer screen: the video as well as the data that's coming off the node, synchronised. They'll see also from the turn, they'll see the data we're getting from the pressure mat, presented in a way that it's understandable. A nice colour map of when the feet touch the wall, how hard they touch the wall, how long they're on the wall, some will bend their legs a bit longer so they're pushing longer on the wall. They'll see also some of the measurements we get from the node they wear on their back. We can pick up stroke rate, the velocity, how quickly they turn, how quickly they tumble, and they get that almost real time.

Jane - Beyond swimming at London 2012, the system is already being looked at by industry to track components and factories for instance where there are wet and noisy environments. The project is supported by the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council, other partners are British Swimming, UK Sport, Imperial College London, and Queen Mary University of London.

Chris - Well, we'll find out within a month or so whether it's had any effect, but what a wonderful breakthrough. Jane Reck there, reporting on a new wireless underwater tracking system that's being used in the training session for team GB's swimmers.

Make no bones about it, dinosaurs were warm-blooded, new research has revealed.

Palaeontologists have claimed for many years that
恐龙,像他们的现代爬行动物decendents, were cold-blooded. Part of their argument stems from features called 'lines of arrested growth', or LAGs, which are found in both dinosaur fossils and modern reptiles and, like tree-rings, chart the rates of bone growth in the animal.

In modern reptiles and amphibians, these LAGs correspond to periods of low temperature, such as winter, when metabolic rate falls and growth slows. Conversely, it had been widely accepted that, because they are warm-blooded and therefore maintain a high metabolic rate all year round, mammals don't develop LAGs.

But, more recently, the LAGs described in dinosaur bones appear to be subtley different to the modern reptilian form, and examples of LAG-like structures have also been reported for some mammals.

"This prompted opposing hypotheses and conjectures," says Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona scientist Meike Kohler and her colleagues in a paper inNaturethis week. "However, much of the debate stems from a lack of detailed, methodical study on extant endotherms [modern-day warm-blooded animals] on which to base inferences regarding extinct vertebrates."

所以科勒和她的同事有组装d data including bone analyses as well as climate records and metabolic activity logs from over 100 ruminant animals ranging from 3-kilogram-antelopes to one-tonne-elands that are native to 36 African and European locations. Crucially, the animals inhabit a broad range of latitudes enabling the effects of climate extremes on the animals' bones to be studied.

"LAGs are universally present in all climatic regimes, from high and cold to low and hot latitudes," the team report. "They form annually in the fast-growing highly-vascularised fibrolamellar bone tissue of ruminants of all body sizes resulting in a bone tissue pattern typically found in all dinosaurs..."

Then how do we account for them? The answer lies in looking at how the animals' physiological responses to changes in climate. At times of stress, when it is very dry and or cold, the animals compensate by altering their metabolic rates, including lowering body temperature, to conserve energy. "Growth arrest," the resereachers suggest, "forms part of this strategy."

The fact that modern-day ruminants show the same cyclical patterns of bone growth as dinosaurs once did suggests that this is part of an ancient process that still operates today. But, even more intriguing, it also proves that, just because dinosaurs' bones contain LAGs, they weren't necessarily cold blooded.

This resonates with previous studies that have modelled metabolic rate and dinosaur locomotion to argue thatT. rexet al.weren't all just cold-blooded killers. Killers, yes. Cold-blooded, probably not.